Reduction and Refinement of Genetically Altered Mouse Breeding: Controlling Quality and Quantity According to Experimental Needs

Genetically modified mice are widely used in biomedical research, yet a large proportion of animals bred are never used in experiments. This paper proposes a structured framework—DOPPUME (Define, Obtain, Protect, Produce, Use, Manage, Exchange)—to improve the planning and management of genetically altered mouse colonies. The approach emphasizes clearly defining the experimental model, controlling genetic background and modifications, and accurately estimating breeding needs. By promoting proactive colony management and careful breeding strategies, the framework aims to minimize unnecessary animal production while maintaining model quality and experimental reproducibility. Overall, it provides practical guidance aligned with the 3Rs principles (Replace, Reduce, Refine) to support more responsible and efficient use of mouse models in research.

Original publication:
Mesbah K, Ayadi A. Reduction and Refinement of Genetically Altered Mouse Breeding: Controlling Quality and Quantity According to Experimental Needs. Curr Protoc. 2026 Feb;6(2):e70313. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41665618/.